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The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a wealthy female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and enormous swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may farther moult to become soldiers alates.

Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are exclusively female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.

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The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.

The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but employees also get involved in the social life of the colony and have certain different activities to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are effective at a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower level of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The decreased degrees of harm appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

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Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable place for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform , they excavate a chamber big enough for both, close up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the pair article source never go outdoors and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.

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By way of example, alates in certain species appear during the day in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with plenty of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In some species, http://www.innovativepestcontroladelaide.com.au/ the mature queen has a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both adult ovaries may have some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to try this out several times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant workers provide assistance. .

The king develops only slightly bigger after initial mating and continues to partner with the queen for life (a termite queen can live between 30 to 50 years); this is very different from ant colonies, in which a queen mates once together with the male(s) and stores the gametes for lifetime, as the male ants die soon after mating.6267 When a queen is absent, a termite king produces pheromones which encourage the development of replacement termite queens.74 As the queen and king are monogamous, sperm competition does not happen.75.

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Termites going through incomplete metamorphosis on the path to becoming alates type a subcaste in certain species of termite, functioning as potential supplementary reproductives. These supplementary reproductives only grow into primary reproductives upon the death of a king or queen, or when the primary reproductives are separated from the colony.6676 Supplementaries have the capacity to replace a deceased principal reproductive, and there may also be more than a single supplementary within a colony.53 Some queens have the ability to switch from sexual reproduction to asexual reproduction.

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